Universalien Universalien sind eine Klasse von geistesunabhängigen Wesenheiten, normalerweise im Gegensatz zu Einzelpersonen (oder sogenannte „Einzelheiten“), postuliert, um Beziehungen qualitativer Identität und Ähnlichkeit zwischen Individuen zu begründen und zu erklären. Man sagt, Individuen seien ähnlich, weil sie Universalien teilen. Ein Apfel und ein Rubin sind beide rot, Zum Beispiel, und ihre gemeinsame Rötung resultiert aus der Gemeinsamkeit eines Universellen. Wenn sie beide rot sind

Ancient Greek Skepticism Although all skeptics in some way cast doubt on our ability to gain knowledge of the world, the term “skeptic” actually covers a wide range of attitudes and positions. There are skeptical elements in the views of many Greek philosophers, but the term “ancient skeptic” is generally applied either to a member of Plato’s Academy during its skeptical period (c. 273 B.C.E

Anaximenes (d. 528 B.C.E.) According to the surviving sources on his life, Anaximenes flourished in the mid 6th century B.C.E. and died about 528. He is the third philosopher of the Milesian School of philosophy, so named because like Thales and Anaximander, Anaximenes was an inhabitant of Miletus, in Ionia (ancient Greece). Theophrastus notes that Anaximenes was an associate, and possibly a student, of Anaximander’s. Anaximenes

Perspectivism in Science Perspectivism, or perspectival realism, has been discussed in philosophy for many centuries, but as a view about science, it is a twenty-first-century topic. Although it has taken many forms and even though there is no agreed definition, perspectivism at its heart uses a visual metaphor to help us understand the scope and character of scientific knowledge. Several interrelated issues are surrounding this

Aesthetic Formalism Formalism in aesthetics has traditionally been taken to refer to the view in the philosophy of art that the properties in virtue of which an artwork is an artwork—and in virtue of which its value is determined—are formal in the sense of being accessible by direct sensation (typically sight or hearing) allein. While such Formalist intuitions have a long history, prominent anti-Formalist arguments

Harold Henry Joachim (1868–1938) Harold Henry Joachim (1868-1938) war ein kleiner idealistischer Philosoph, der in der neohegelianischen Tradition arbeitete, die die britische Philosophie am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts dominierte. Zu der Zeit, Diese Tradition spaltete sich in zwei Hauptlager: persönlicher Idealismus und absoluter Idealismus. Joachim gehörte zum letzteren Lager, dessen prominentester Vertreter F. war. H. Bradley. Obwohl Joachim schon oft dort war