Wittgenstein: Epistemology Although Ludwig Wittgenstein is generally more known for his works on logic and on the nature of language, but throughout his philosophical journey he reflected extensively also on epistemic notions such as knowledge, belief, doubt, and certainty. This interest is more evident in his final notebook, published posthumously as On Certainty (1969, henceforth OC), where he offers a sustained and, at least apparently,

David Hume: Causation David Hume (1711-1776) is one of the British Empiricists of the Early Modern period, along with John Locke and George Berkeley. Although the three advocate similar empirical standards for knowledge, das ist, that there are no innate ideas and that all knowledge comes from experience, Hume is known for applying this standard rigorously to causation and necessity. Instead of taking the notion

Aristoteles: Politics In his Nicomachean Ethics, Aristoteles (384-322 v. Chr.) describes the happy life intended for man by nature as one lived in accordance with virtue, und, in his Politics, he describes the role that politics and the political community must play in bringing about the virtuous life in the citizenry. The Politics also provides analysis of the kinds of political community that existed in his time and shows where

Gottfried Leibniz: Philosophy of Mind Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) was a true polymath: he made substantial contributions to a host of different fields such as mathematics, Gesetz, Physik, Theologie, and most subfields of philosophy. Within the philosophy of mind, his chief innovations include his rejection of the Cartesian doctrines that all mental states are conscious and that non-human animals lack souls as well as sensation.

Mathematical Structuralism The theme of mathematical structuralism is that what matters to a mathematical theory is not the internal nature of its objects, such as its numbers, Funktionen, Sätze, or points, but how those objects relate to each other. In gewisser Weise, the thesis is that mathematical objects (if there are such objects) simply have no intrinsic nature. The structuralist theme grew most notably from

Ehemalige Mitarbeiter Vielen Dank an: Bereichsredakteure Joseph Agassi (Philosophie der Wissenschaft) James R. Beebe (Erkenntnistheorie) David Boersema (Amerikanische Philosophie) Curtis Bowman (Philosophie des 19. Jahrhunderts) Douglas Burnham (Europäer des 19. Jahrhunderts) Jon Cogburn (Philosophie des Geistes) Roy Cook (Mathematik) Joel Dittmer (Werttheorie) James Dunson (Deutsch des 19. Jahrhunderts) Shawn Floyd (Mittelalterliche Philosophie) Valentin Goranko (Logik) John-Stewart Gordon (Ethik und Bioethik) Peter Gratton (Indigene Weltphilosophie) Jeff