Das Lucas-Penrose-Argument über Gödels Theorem im Jahr 1961, J.R. Lucas veröffentlichte „Minds, Maschinen und Gödel,“, in dem er ein kontroverses Anti-Mechanismus-Argument formulierte. Das Argument behauptet, dass Gödels erster Unvollständigkeitssatz zeigt, dass der menschliche Geist keine Turing-Maschine ist, das ist, ein Computer. Das Argument hat seitdem viele Diskussionen ausgelöst. Die einflussreiche Computational Theory of Mind, die behauptet, dass die

Spinoza: Free Will and Freedom Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) was a Dutch Jewish rationalist philosopher who is most famous for his Ethics and Theological-Political Treatise. Although influenced by Stoicism, Maimonides, Machiavelli, Descartes, and Hobbes, unter anderen, he developed distinct and innovative positions on a number of issues in metaphysics, Erkenntnistheorie, Ethik, Politik, biblical hermeneutics, und Theologie. He is also known as a pivotal figure in the

Resource Bounded Agents Resource bounded agents are persons who have information processing limitations. All persons and other cognitive agents who have bodies are such that their sensory transducers (such as their eyes and ears) have limited resolution and discriminatory ability; their information processing speed and power is bounded by some threshold; and their memory and recall is imperfect in some way. While these general facts

Joseph Priestley (1733—1804) A notable Enlightenment polymath, Joseph Priestley published almost two hundred works on natural philosophy, Theologie, Metaphysik, political philosophy, Politik, Ausbildung, history and linguistics. Remembered today primarily as a scientist who isolated oxygen, Priestley considered his calling to be that of a theologian, and he spent most of his life working as a minister and teacher. He combined his Unitarian theology with an

The Evidential Problem of Evil The evidential problem of evil is the problem of determining whether and, if so, to what extent the existence of evil (or certain instances, kinds, quantities, or distributions of evil) constitutes evidence against the existence of God, das heißt, a being perfect in power, knowledge and goodness. Evidential arguments from evil attempt to show that, once we put

Compositionality in Language Compositionality is a concept in the philosophy of language. A symbolic system is compositional if the meaning of every complex expression E in that system depends on, and depends only on, (Ich) E’s syntactic structure and (Ii) the meanings of E’s simple parts. If a language is compositional, then the meaning of a sentence S in that language cannot depend directly on