The Bakhtin Circle The Bakhtin Circle was a 20th century school of Russian thought which centered on the work of Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin (1895-1975). The circle addressed philosophically the social and cultural issues posed by the Russian Revolution and its degeneration into the Stalin dictatorship. Their work focused on the centrality of questions of significance in social life in general and artistic creation in particular,

Theories of Emotion There are different theories of emotion to explain what emotions are and how they operate. This is challenging, since emotions can be analyzed from many different perspectives. In one sense, emotions are sophisticated and subtle, the epitome of what make us human. In another sense, Jedoch, human emotions seem to be very similar to (if not the same as) the responses that

Cheng Hao (Cheng Mingdao, 1032—1085) Cheng Hao, also known as Cheng Mingdao, was a pioneer of the neo-Confucian movement in the Song and Ming dynasties, which is often regarded as the second epoch of the development of Confucianism, with pre-Qin classical Confucianism as the first, and contemporary Confucianism as the third. If neo-Confucianism is to be understood as the learning of li (conventionally translated as

Occasionalism In the minds of most philosophers with a passing familiarity with early-modern philosophy, occasionalism is typically regarded as a laughable ad hoc or ‘for want of anything better’ solution to the mind-body problem, first opened up in Descartes’ Meditations. As typically presented in philosophy textbooks, the doctrine (usually identified exclusively with Nicholas Malebranche) certainly seems laughable: beginning from the assumption that the actual transmission

Die ästhetische Haltung ist das Thema der Ästhetik, als Paradigma, Kunst, sondern auch das Besondere, Kunstähnlicher Status, der manchmal angewandten Künsten wie Architektur oder Industriedesign oder Objekten in der Natur verliehen wird. Es ist schwer, genau zu sagen, was diese bunte Gruppe von Objekten gemeinsam hat (oft als ästhetische Objekte bezeichnet), aber die ästhetische Einstellung soll etwas gehen

American Enlightenment Thought Although there is no consensus about the exact span of time that corresponds to the American Enlightenment, it is safe to say that it occurred during the eighteenth century among thinkers in British North America and the early United States and was inspired by the ideas of the British and French Enlightenments. Based on the metaphor of bringing light to the Dark