Musonius Rufus (c. 30–before 101-2 C.E.) Gaius Musonius Rufus was one of the four great Stoic philosophers of the Roman empire, along with Seneca, Epiktet, and Marcus Aurelius. Renowned as a great Stoic teacher, Musonius conceived of philosophy as nothing but the practice of noble behavior. He advocated a commitment to live for virtue, not pleasure, since virtue saves us from the mistakes that ruin

Fallibilismus Fallibilismus ist die erkenntnistheoretische These, dass es keinen Glauben gibt (Theorie, Sicht, These, und so weiter) kann jemals rational begründet oder schlüssig begründet werden. Stets, Es besteht weiterhin ein möglicher Zweifel an der Wahrheit des Glaubens. Der Fallibilismus wendet diese Einschätzung sogar auf die am besten verwurzelten Behauptungen der Wissenschaft und auf die beliebtesten, vernünftigen Ansichten der Menschen an. Einige Erkenntnistheoretiker haben Fallibilismus als Ausdruck von Skeptizismus verstanden, wonach

Bertrand Russell: Logic For Russell, Aristotelian syllogistic inference does not do justice to the subject of logic. This is surely not surprising. It may well be something of a surprise, Jedoch, to learn that in Russell’s view neither Boolean algebra nor modern quantification theory do justice to the subject. For Russell, logic is a synthetic a priori science studying all the kinds of structures there.

Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics Quantum mechanics is a physical theory developed in the 1920s to account for the behavior of matter on the atomic scale. It has subsequently been developed into arguably the most empirically successful theory in the history of physics. Aber, it is hard to understand quantum mechanics as a description of the physical world, or to understand it as a physical explanation

Pacifism Pacifism is the theory that peaceful rather than violent or belligerent relations should govern human intercourse and that arbitration, surrender, or migration should be used to resolve disputes. Pacifism is as much an element of Western thinking as is the notion of Just War Theory, the argument that the state may legitimately or morally bear arms. While most people accept the necessity of war,