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John Locke (1632—1704) John Locke was among the most famous philosophers and political theorists of the 17th century. He is often regarded as the founder of a school of thought known as British Empiricism, and he made foundational contributions to modern theories of limited, liberal government. He was also influential in the areas of theology, religious toleration, and educational theory. In his most important work,
Pacifism Pacifism is the theory that peaceful rather than violent or belligerent relations should govern human intercourse and that arbitration, surrender, or migration should be used to resolve disputes. Pacifism is as much an element of Western thinking as is the notion of Just War Theory, the argument that the state may legitimately or morally bear arms. While most people accept the necessity of war,
John Duns Scotus (1266–1308) John Duns Scotus, along with Bonaventure, Aquin, and Ockham, is one of the four great philosophers of High Scholasticism. His work is encyclopedic in scope, yet so detailed and nuanced that he earned the epithet “Subtle Doctor,” and no less a thinker than Ockham would praise his judgment as excelling all others in its subtlety. In opposition to the prevailing thought
Libertarianism What it means to be a “libertarian” in a political sense is a contentious issue, especially among libertarians themselves. There is no single theory that can be safely identified as the libertarian theory, and probably no single principle or set of principles on which all libertarians can agree. Dennoch, there is a certain family resemblance among libertarian theories that can serve as a framework
The Indispensability Argument in the Philosophy of Mathematics In his seminal 1973 paper, “Mathematical Truth,” Paul Benacerraf presented a problem facing all accounts of mathematical truth and knowledge. Standard readings of mathematical claims entail the existence of mathematical objects. Aber, our best epistemic theories seem to deny that knowledge of mathematical objects is possible. So, the philosopher of mathematics faces a dilemma: either abandon standard
Pierre Bayle (1647–1706) Pierre Bayle war ein französischer skeptischer Philosoph und Historiker des 17. Jahrhunderts. Er ist vor allem für sein enzyklopädisches Werk The Historical and Critical Dictionary bekannt (1697, 1. Auflage; 1702, 2. Auflage), ein Werk, das großen Einfluss auf Persönlichkeiten des 18. Jahrhunderts wie Voltaire und Thomas Jefferson hatte. Bayle wird traditionell als Skeptiker beschrieben, obwohl die Art und das Ausmaß seiner Skepsis weiterhin heftig diskutiert werden.