Mind and Multiple Realizability The claim that mental types are multiply realizable has played an important role in supporting antireductionism in philosophy of mind. The multiple-realizability thesis implies that mental types and physical types are correlated one-many not one-one. A mental state such as pain might be correlated with one type of physical state in a human and another type of physical state in, sagen,

Bertrand Russell: Metaphysics Metaphysics is not a school or tradition but rather a sub-discipline within philosophy, ebenso wie die Ethik, Logik und Erkenntnistheorie. Wie viele philosophische Begriffe, „Metaphysik“ kann auf verschiedene Arten verstanden werden, Daher muss jede Diskussion über Bertrand Russells Metaphysik zwischen den verschiedenen möglichen Arten wählen, den Begriff zu verstehen, Zum Beispiel, als das Studium des Seins als Sein, the study

Epistemic Consequentialism Consequentialism is the view that, auf gewisse Art und Weise, rightness is to be understood in terms of conduciveness to goodness. Much of the philosophical discussion concerning consequentialism has focused on moral rightness or obligation or normativity. But there is plausibly also epistemic rightness, epistemic obligation, and epistemic normativity. Epistemic rightness is often denoted with talk of justification, Rationalität, or by merely indicating what should

Critical Thinking Critical Thinking is the process of using and assessing reasons to evaluate statements, Annahmen, and arguments in ordinary situations. The goal of this process is to help us have good beliefs, where “good” means that our beliefs meet certain goals of thought, such as truth, usefulness, or rationality. Critical thinking is widely regarded as a species of informal logic, although critical thinking makes

The Sheffer Stroke The Sheffer Stroke is one of the sixteen definable binary connectives of standard propositional logic. The stroke symbol is “|” as in The linguistic expression whose logical behavior is presumed modeled by this logical connective is the truth-functional phrase “not both,” from which the name NAND originates. All sixteen connectives interpret associated functions of the Boolean algebra. In the theory

Responsibility We evaluate people and groups as responsible or not, depending on how seriously they take their responsibilities. Often we do this informally, via moral judgment. Sometimes we do this formally, for instance in legal judgment. This article considers mainly moral responsibility, and focuses largely upon individuals. Later sections also comment on the relation between legal and moral responsibility, and on the responsibility of collectives.