Rudolf Carnap: Modale Logik in zwei Werken, ein Artikel im Journal of Symbolic Logic im Jahr 1946 und das Buch Meaning and Necessity im Jahr 1947, Rudolf Carnap entwickelte eine modale Prädikatenlogik, die einen Notwendigkeitsoperator N enthält, deren Semantik von der Behauptung abhängt, dass, wobei α eine Formel der Sprache ist, Nα stellt die Aussage dar, dass α logisch notwendig ist. Carnaps Ansicht war, dass Nα dies tun sollte

Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre (1929— ) Alasdair MacIntyre ist gebürtiger Schotte, Britische Ausbildung, Moral- und Politikphilosoph, der seit 1970 in den Vereinigten Staaten arbeitet. Seine Arbeit in Ethik und Politik erstreckt sich über alle Disziplinen, gestützt auf Soziologie und Philosophie der Sozialwissenschaften sowie griechische und lateinische klassische Literatur. MacIntyre begann seine Karriere als Marxist, aber in den späten 1950er Jahren, Er

Tyler Burge (1946—) Tyler Burge is an American philosopher who has done influential work in several areas of philosophy. These include philosophy of language, Logik, Philosophie des Geistes, Erkenntnistheorie, Philosophie der Wissenschaft (primarily philosophy of psychology), and history of philosophy (focusing especially on Frege, but also on the classical rationalists—Descartes, Leibniz, und Kant). Burge has also done some work in psychology itself. Burge is best

Compositionality in Language Compositionality is a concept in the philosophy of language. A symbolic system is compositional if the meaning of every complex expression E in that system depends on, and depends only on, (Ich) E’s syntactic structure and (Ii) the meanings of E’s simple parts. If a language is compositional, then the meaning of a sentence S in that language cannot depend directly on

Simone Weil (1909—1943) The French philosopher Simone Weil is a confronting and disconcerting figure in modern philosophy. This is not simply because she was so many things at once—ascetic and mystic, teacher and factory worker, labour activist and political militant, social thinker and piercing moral psychologist, critical Marxist and heterodox Christian theologian—but because of the striking “untimeliness” of her thought. For unlike philosophers in the

Modal Illusions We often talk about how things could have been, given different circumstances, or about how things might be in the future. When we speak this way, we presume that these situations are possible. Aber, sometimes people make mistakes regarding what is possible or regarding what could have been the case. When what seems possible to a person is not really possible, this person