Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness Integrated Information Theory (IIT) offers an explanation for the nature and source of consciousness. Initially proposed by Giulio Tononi in 2004, it claims that consciousness is identical to a certain…
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Thomas von Aquin: Moralphilosophie
Thomas von Aquin: Moralphilosophie Die Moralphilosophie des hl. Thomas von Aquin (1225-1274) beinhaltet eine Verschmelzung von mindestens zwei scheinbar unterschiedlichen Traditionen: Aristotelischer Eudaimonismus und christliche Theologie. Einerseits, Aquinas follows Aristotle in thinking…
Das Lucas-Penrose-Argument über Gödels Theorem
Das Lucas-Penrose-Argument über Gödels Theorem im Jahr 1961, J.R. Lucas veröffentlichte „Minds, Maschinen und Gödel,“, in dem er ein kontroverses Anti-Mechanismus-Argument formulierte. The argument claims that Gödel’s first incompleteness theorem shows that the human mind…
Edmund Husserl (1859–1938)
Edmund Husserl (1859–1938) Although not the first to coin the term, it is uncontroversial to suggest that the German philosopher, Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), is the “father” of the philosophical movement known as phenomenology. Phenomenology can…
Reduktion auf das Absurde
Reductio ad Absurdum Reductio ad absurdum ist eine Argumentationsweise, die versucht, eine Behauptung dadurch zu begründen, dass sie aus ihrer Leugnung eine Absurdität ableitet, thus arguing that a thesis must be accepted because its rejection…
Jeanne-Françoise Frémyot, Baronne de Chantal (1572—1641)
Jeanne-Françoise Frémyot, Baronne de Chantal (1572—1641) Canonized a Catholic saint in 1767, Jeanne de Chantal (Jane of Chantal) has rarely been the object of philosophical analysis. Bis vor kurzem, her influence has largely confined itself to…
Anaxarchus (c. 380—c. 320 B.C.E.)
Anaxarchus (c. 380—c. 320 B.C.E.) As a follower of Democritus, Anaxarchus developed the skeptical tendencies within Democritus’ thought. Although our information on him is extremely sketchy, he is a pivotal figure connecting the atomism of…
Thrasymachus (fl. 427 B.C.E.)
Thrasymachus (fl. 427 B.C.E.) Thrasymachus of Chalcedon is one of several “older sophists” (including Antiphon, Critias, Hippies, Gorgias, und Protagoras) who became famous in Athens during the fifth century B.C.E. We know that Thrasymachus was…
Lucius Annaeus Seneca (c. 4 B.C.E.—65 C.E.)
Lucius Annaeus Seneca (c. 4 B.C.E.—65 C.E.) The ancient Roman philosopher Seneca was a Stoic who adopted and argued largely from within the framework he inherited from his Stoic predecessors. His Letters to Lucilius have…
Plato: Weniger
Plato: Meno Platons „Meno“ stellt Aspekte der sokratischen Ethik und platonischen Erkenntnistheorie in einem fiktiven Dialog vor, der zwischen wichtigen politischen Ereignissen und kulturellen Belangen in den letzten Lebensjahren von Sokrates angesiedelt ist. It begins…